The topic of this report is Unattended Ground Sensors communications technologies and markets. UGSs are becoming common tools to obtain various information, including environmental, situational and other data from difficult reachable for humans places. They, initially, were utilized in the various military applications, and only lately found the place in the commercial sectors, starting from SCADA and going even to Personal Body LAN. The main advantage of such sensors is their ability to utilizing wireless communications between the area of deployment and an operator who may be located miles from the area of UGS operations.

Large-scale WSN-UGS represent an evolving generation of embedded communications structures and they have characteristics that differentiate them from traditional wireless networks. WSN-UGS have many constrains that are not typical for other wireless networks, such as:

• Node size
• Dependence on the battery life
• Bandwidth
• Extreme conditions for operations
• Large number of nodes.

These networks are usually constructed in a mesh topology, and are left to be self-organized and self-protected. They can function unattended for months, collecting valuable commercial or military information necessary for their users functioning. In many cases, these networks availability is vital for success of the military operation or normal operation of a manufacturing facility.

Our analysis showed that the UGS addressable market is growing together with a military WSN-UGS market, and 2010-2012 years will be a time of UGS penetration in a variety of commercial and military sectors.

The report concentrates on two forward-looking technologies, UWB and ZigBee that were designed with such applications as UGS in mind. Though completely different in nature, these technologies are well suited for UGS communications specifics, such as extremely low power consumption, low levels of transmission with noise-like signals, high security and low-to middle speeds of transmission.

The report contains marketing and technical analysis of both UWB and ZigBee, with accent on their applicability to support WSN-UGS mesh infrastructures. It also provides the analysis of UGS specifics in the WSN environment.



Table of contents:

1.0 Introduction

1.1 General

1.1.1 DARPA

1.1.2 IEEE

1.1.3 Details

1.2 UWB

1.2.1 Brief Description

1.3 ZigBee

1.4 UGS-based WSN

1.4.1 Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS)

1.5 Scope

1.6 Structure

1.7 Research Methodology

1.8 Target Audience

2.0 UWB: Technology and Market Specifics

2.1 General

2.1.2 History

2.1.3 Obstacles

2.2 Definition

2.2.1 Rates

2.3 Spectrum Allocation

2.3.1 Choices

2.4 Major Features

2.4.1 Communications Features

2.5 Standards and Regulations

2.5.1 Multiband OFDM

2.5.2 DS-UWB

2.5.3 Standards Bodies

2.5.4 Groups

2.5.4.1 Forces

2.5.5 FCC and ETSI

2.5.6 ECMA International

2.5.7 Ofcom and Others

2.5.8 Comparison

2.5.8.1 Impulse Radio- Pulse Link, Time Domain

2.5.8.2 DS-CDMA - Motorola and other

2.5.8.3 Multi-Band OFDM (FH) - MBOA

2.6 Applications

2.6.1 General

2.6.2 Home Security-UGS

2.6.3 Phones

2.6.4 RFID

2.6.5 Communications and Imaging

2.6.6 WPAN

2.6.7 Imaging systems

2.6.8 Vehicular radar systems

2.6.9 Ranging

2.6.10 Public Safety

2.7 WSN-UGS and UWB

2.7.1 General

2.7.2 Details

2.7.2.1 WSN-UGS

2.7.2.2 Requirements

2.7.2.3 UWB Role

2.7.2.3.1 UWB-structured WSN-UGS

2.7.2.3.2 Features

2.7.3 WSN-UGS: Examples

2.8 Issues

2.9 Applications Summary

2.10 UWB Market

2.10.1 General

2.10.1.1 Major Segments

2.10.2 Forecast

2.10.3 Notes on Market for UWB WSN-UGS

2.11 Industry: UWB and WSN

Aether Wire & Location (localization devices)

Alereon (chipsets)

Artimi (chipsets)

BBN (radio, first responders)

Camero (radar, equipment for first responders)

decaWave (chipsets)

Focus Enhancement (chipsets)

Freescale (chipsets, systems)

General Atomics (chipsets)

Multispectral (RFID and others)

Parco (RFID-Health Care)

Pulse~ Link (chipsets)

Staccato (chipsets)

TriQuint (chipsets - homeland security applications)

Time Domain (chipsets-fusion of communications & radar)

Tzero (chipsets)

Ubisense (RFID-tracking)

Wisair (chipsets)

WiQuest (chipsets)

3.0 ZigBee

3.1 General

3.2 Technology

3.2.1 Major Features

3.2.2 Device Types

3.2.3 Protocol Stack

3.2.3.1 Physical and MAC layers - IEEE802.15.4

3.2.3.1.1 Frame

3.2.3.2 Upper Layers

3.2.3.2.1 Interoperability

3.2.3.2.2 Security

3.2.4 Platform Considerations

3.2.4.1 Battery Life

3.2.5 ZigBee Technology Benefits and Limitations

3.3 Standardization Process

3.3.1 ZigBee Alliance

3.3.1.1 Objectives

3.3.2 802.15.4- ZigBee Basis

3.3.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Radio

3.3.2.2 Application Specifics

3.4 Applications

3.4.1 General

3.4.2 Home

3.4.2.1 PC

3.4.3 Manufacturing

3.4.4 WSN-UGS and ZigBee

3.4.4.1 General

3.4.4.2 Structure

3.4.4.2.1 ZigBee Role

3.4.4.2.2 ZigBee-structured WSN-UGS

3.5. Market

3.5.1 Expectations

3.5.2 Segments

3.5.3 Forecast

3.6 Industry

Airbee (Software)

Amber (RF Systems)

Atmel (Chipsets)

Chipcon -TI (Chipsets)

Cirronet (Modules)

Crossbow (WSN, motes)

Duolog (Transceivers)

Eazix (Modules)

Ember (Chipsets)

Falcom (Modules)

Helicomm (Modules)

Jennic (Chipsets-Modules)

Freescale (Chipsets)

Luxoft Labs (Integration)

M&R Lawugger GmbH (Software)

Maxstream (WSN Modules)

Moteiv (Modules, SW)

Nanotron (Chipsets)

Oki (Chipsets)

Renesas (Platforms)

Silicon Laboratories (Chipsets, Modules)

Synapse

Telegesis (Integrator)

Ubiwave (Mesh Network)

Uniband (Chipsets)

ZMD (Chipsets)

4.0 Competition Landscape

4.1 Climate of Competition

4.1.1 Bluetooth and ZigBee

4.1.1.1 Air Interface

4.1.1.2 Battery Drain

4.1.1.3 Timing Considerations

5.0 UGS Technology-Specifics and Applications

5.1 Smart Sensor Structure

5.2 Networking

5.3 UGS Functioning

5.3.1 Type

5.3.2 Details

5.3.2.1 Packaging and Categories

5.3.3 Future Combat Systems

5.3.3.1 Subgroups

5.3.3.1.1 Tactical Subgroup

5.3.3.1.2 Urban/MOUT Advanced Sensor Systems

5.3.4 Intelligent Munitions System (IMS)

5.4 Standardization: IEEE 1451

5.4.1 General

5.4.2 Family

5.4.3 Description

5.5 Applications

5.5.1 General

5.5.2 Applications Examples

5.5.2.1 Military Example: REMBASS Family

5.5.2.2 Military: Future

5.6 CHALLENGIES

5.7Market: Military

6.0 UGS Vendors

BBN

Crossbow (WSN)

Crane (WSN-ZigBee)

Dust Networks (USG-Mesh)

Intel (Chipsets)

Harris (UGS)

IWT (Mesh)

L3 (UGS)

McQ (UGS)

MeshDynamics (Mesh)

Millennial Net (Mesh-UGS)

Moteiv (WSN)

MeshNetics (WSN Software)

NRL (UGS)

NorthropGrumman (UGS)

Octave Technologies (SW, WSN)

Plextek (Communications Platform for UGS)

Rheinmetall (UGS)

Selex (UGS)

Sensicast (WSN)

Strix (Mesh)

Telonics

Models

TextRon (UGS)

Thales (UGS)

Trident (UGS-UWB)

Zeltech

7.0 Conclusions

List of Figures

Figure 1: UWB Spectrum

Figure 2: WSN-UGS Node

Figure 3: WSN-UGS and UBW

Figure 4: Market Estimate: UWB Circuitry ($B)

Figure 5: Market Estimate: Multiband OFDM UWB Circuitry ($B)

Figure 6: Market Estimate: DS UWB Circuitry ($B)

Figure 7: Estimate of UWB Market - Communications Applications ($B)

Figure 8: WSN-UGS Market Developing: Worldwide ($M)

Figure 9: ZigBee Protocol Stack

Figure 10: Node Structure

Figure 11: Estimate: ZigBee Chipsets Market Worlwide ($M)

Figure 12: ZigBee Market Segmentation (2006)

Figure 13: ZigBee Market Segmentation (2010)

List of Tables

Table 1: Comparison: Conventioanl Ad Hoc Network and WSN

Table 2: Comparison: DS-UWB and MB-OFDM

Table 3: FCC Emission Limits

Table 4: UWB Applications: Summary

Table 5: UWB Market Segments

Table 6: ZigBee Parameters

Table 7: Comparison